Ontologies

note: the medieval idea of the Great Chain of Being was an ontological one, but we cover it in Indexing Schemes because in content, if not in goal, it was similar to modern indexing schemes.

in this chapter we ignore many important distinctions between ontologies, instead only concentrating on the list of 'top level nodes' in (upper) ontologies

in this chapter, so far, we have been interested only in categorizations of entities/things/objects, rather than of relations. TODO: list most common/important/fundamental relations/categories of relations.

todo [1] (if any)

UMBEL

http://techwiki.umbel.org/index.php/UMBEL_Specification#Terminology_Challenges

• Reference Concept, Subject Concept, Class
• Named Entity, Individual
• Instance
• Property, Predicate, Relation, Attribute

"The UMBEL Vocabulary defines three classes: RefConcept?, SuperType?, and Qualifier; and 38 properties: correspondsTo, isAbout, isRelatedTo, relatesToXXX (31 variants), isLike, hasMapping, hasCharacteristic and isCharacteristicOf." -- http://techwiki.umbel.org/index.php/UMBEL_Vocabulary

"Reference Concepts are a distinct subset of the more broadly understood concept such as used in the SKOS RDFS controlled vocabulary or formal concept analysis or the very general or abstract concepts common to some upper ontologies. Reference Concepts are selected for their use as concrete, subject-related or commonly used notions for describing tangible ideas and referents in human experience and language. Reference Concepts are classes, the members of which are nameable instances or named entities, which by definition are held as distinct from these concepts. The UMBEL ontology is a coherently organized structure (or reference "backbone") of these Reference Concepts.

SuperTypes? are a collection of (mostly) similar Reference Concepts. Most of the SuperType? classes have been designed to be (mostly) disjoint from the other SuperType? classes. SuperTypes? thus provide a higher-level of clustering and organization of Reference Concepts for use in user interfaces and for reasoning purposes.

The Qualifier class is a set of descriptions that indicate the method used in order to establish an isAbout or correspondsTo relationship between an UMBEL reference concept (RC) and an external entity. This description should be complete enough to aid understanding of the nature and reliability of the "aboutness" assertion and to be usable for filtering or user interface information. The descriptions may be literal strings or may refer to literal numeric values resulting from an automated alignment technique. " -- http://techwiki.umbel.org/index.php/UMBEL_Vocabulary

umbel 32 'SuperType?'s in 9 clusters ('dimensions'):

http://techwiki.umbel.org/index.php/UMBEL_Specification#SuperType_Dimensions

• Natural World
• Living Things
• Human Activities
• Time-related
• Human Works
• Human Places
• Information
• Descriptive
• Classificatory
• Natural World
  • Natural Phenomena
  • Natural Substances
  • Earthscape
  • Extraterrestrial
• Living Things
  • Prokaryotes
  • Protists & Fungus
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Diseases
  • Person Types
• Human Activities
  • Organizations
  • Finance & Economy
  • Society
  • Activities
• Time-related
  • Events
  • Time
• Human Works
  • Products
  • Food or Drink
  • Drugs
  • Facilities
• Human Places
  • Geopolitical
• Information
  • Chemistry (n.o.c)
  • Audio Info
  • Visual Info
  • Written Info
  • Structured Info
  • Notations & References
  • Numbers
• Descriptive
  • Attributes
• Classificatory
  • Abstract-level
  • Entities
  • Topics/Categories

Note the last two dimensions (and four SuperTypes?) are by definition non-disjoint.

SUMO

http://virtual.cvut.cz/kifb/en/toc/118.html :

root node: entity

• physical
  • object
    • self connected object
    • region
    • collection
    • agent
  • process
    • dual object process
    • intentional process
    • motion
    • internal change
    • shape change
• abstract
  • quantity
  • attribute
  • set or class
  • relation
  • proposition
  • graph
  • graph element

BFO

http://ifomis.uni-saarland.de/bfo/txt from http://ifomis.uni-saarland.de/bfo/

root node 'Entity'

• Continuant
  • DependentContinuant?
    • GenericalyDependentContinuant?
    • SpecificalyDependentContinuant?
      • Quality
      • RealizableEntity?
        • Disposition
        • Function
        • Role
  • IndependentContinuant?
    • MaterialEntity?
      • Object
      • FiatObjectPart?
      • ObjectAggregate?
    • ObjectBoundary?
    • Site
  • SpatialRegion?
    • ZeroDimensionalRegion?
    • OneDimensionalRegion?
    • TwoDimensionalRegion?
    • ThreeDimensionalRegion?
• Occurrent
  • ProcessualEntity?
    • Process
    • ProcessBoundary?
    • FiatProcessPart?
    • ProcessAggregate?
    • ProcessualContext?
  • SpatiotemporalRegion?
    • ConnectedTemporalRegion?
      • SpatiotemporalInstant?
      • SpatiotemporalInterval?
    • ScatteredSpatiotemporalRegion?
  • TemporalRegion?
    • ConnectedSpatiotemporalRegion?
      • TemporalInstant?
      • TemporalInterval?
    • ScatteredTemporalRegion?

GIST

http://semanticarts.com/gist

• Core
• Address
• Agreement
• Category
• Content
• Event
• ID
• Intention
• Magnitude
• Measure
• Organization
• Person
• Physical
• Place
• Time
• Top
• TR
• Unit

GFO

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_formal_ontology

root node: entity

• set
• item
  • category
  • individual
    • abstract
    • spacetime
    • concrete
      • relator
      • property
      • occurent
      • presential

schema.org types

http://schema.org/docs/gs.html#schemaorg_types

commonly used types:

• Creative works: CreativeWork?, Book, Movie, MusicRecording?, Recipe, TVSeries ...
• Embedded non-text objects: AudioObject?, ImageObject?, VideoObject?
• Event
• Organization
• Person
• Place, LocalBusiness?, Restaurant ...
• Product, Offer, AggregateOffer?
• Review, AggregateRating?

http://schema.org/docs/full.html

(only root node and level 2 shown)

root node Thing.

• Action
• BroadcastService?
• CreativeWork?
• Event
• Intangible
• MedicalEntity?
• Organization
• Person
• Place
• Product

DOLCE

http://www.meteck.org/files/ESWC11KeetFoundOntoExp.pdf fig. 1

DOLCE-lite_mini:

root node: thing subroot node: particular

• perdurant
• quality
• abstract
  • region
  • set
• endurant
  • Arbitrary Sum
  • Physical Endurant
    • Feature
    • Amount of Matter
    • Physical Object
      • Agentive Physical Object
      • NonAgentive? Physical Object
  • NonPhysical? Endurant
    • NonPhysical? Object
      • Social Object
      • Mental Object

bigger (also has eg Fact):

http://www.ontology4.us/Ontologies/Upper-Ontologies/Dolce%20Ontology/index.html

^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Abstract ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AbstractQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AbstractRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Accomplishment ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Achievement ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AgentivePhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AmountOfMatter? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^ArbitrarySum? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Endurant ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Entity ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Event ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Fact ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Feature ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^MentalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonAgentivePhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonPhysicalEndurant? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonPhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Perdurant ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalEndurant? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Process ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Quality ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Region ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Set ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SocialAgent? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SocialObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Society ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SpaceRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SpatialLocation? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Stative ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalLocation? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TimeInterval? ^Process <>Aggregate ^ProcessStep?

REA

Resource-Event-Agent

UFO

maybe too abstract for our purposes here? but pretty interesting

http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-125/paper2.pdf see also http://www.academia.edu/8160016/Some_Applications_of_a_Unified_Foundational_Ontology_in_Business_Modeling

UFO is organized into three layers, UFO-A at the bottom, then UFO-B and then UFO-C on top.

UFO-A:

• things
  • sets
  • entities (thing that is not a set)
    • types
    • individuals (entity that is not a type)

defn of type: "an entity that has an extension (...a set of entities that are instances of it) and an intension, (...applicability criterion for determining if an entity is an instance of it); and which is captured by means of an axiomatic specification, that is, a set of axioms that may involve a number of other entity types representing its essential features. A type is a space-time independent pattern of features, which can be realized in a number of different individuals". My comment: i guess they want types to be crisp/discrete/unambiguous, but my feeling is that cognitive psychology and linguistics have shown that humans don't always use axiomatic specifications to define categories, which means that a number of common categories would not be 'types' under this definition; i would prefer to drop the 'captured by axiomatic spec' part and to allow types defined by mixtures of definitions and prototype (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype_theory ); and perhaps to have a subtype of 'type' which is a 'clearly-defined-type' which has an axiomatic spec. Note that for a type which is not a clearly-defined-type there may be 'edge cases' where different speakers disagree (or don't care) whether or not certain entities fall within the extension of the type.

types of types:

• relationship
• sortal
  • base
  • phase
  • role
• mixin

kinds of individuals:

• perdurant: "This is an individual that is composed of temporal parts; whenever a perdurant is present, it is not the case that all its temporal parts are present [DOLCE]. Examples: a storm; ... a conversation; the Second World War; a business process."
• endurant: "This is an individual that is wholly present whenever it is present, that is, it does not have temporal parts, and that persists in time while keeping its identity [DOLCE]. Examples: a house; a person; the moon; a hole; the redness of a certain apple; an amount of sand. Corresponding terms: GFO:3D-individual."
  • substance (substance individual): "This is an endurant that consists of matter (i.e., is“tangible” or concrete), possesses spatio-temporal properties, and can exist by itself; that is, it does not existentially depend on other endurants, except possibly on some of its parts) [based on GFO:substance]. Examples :a house; a person; the moon; an amount of sand. Corresponding terms: BWW:thing"
    • physical object: "This is a substance individual that satisfies a condition of unity and for which certain parts can change without affecting its identity. Examples: a house; a person; the moon."
    • amount of matter: "This is a substance individual that does not satisfy acondition of unity; typically referred to by means of mass nouns. An amountof matter is mereologically invariant, that is, it cannot change any of itsparts without changing its identity [DOLCE]. Examples: a liter of water;a piece of gold; a pile of sand."
  • moment (moment individual): "This is an endurant that cannot exist by itself; that is,it depends on other endurants, which are not among its parts [based onGFO:moment]. Examples: the redness of a certain apple; a belief of GeorgeBush?; a flight connection between two cities."
    • intrinsic moment: "This is a moment individual that is existentially depen-dent on one single individual. Examples: the redness of a certain apple; abelief of George Bush."
      • quality (of an individual): "This is an intrinsic moment that inheres in exactly one endurant andcan be mapped to a value (DOLCE:quale) in a quality dimension (Gärdenfors, 2000). Corresponding terms: GFO:quality; DOLCE:quality;BWW: “intrinsic property”. Examples: the color (height, weight) of a physical object; an electric charge; the redness of a certain apple.
    • relator/relational moment: "This is a moment individual that is existentially dependent on more than one individual. Relators provide the basis for material relationships (Guizzardi, Herre, & Wagner, 2002b) [GFO:relator]. Corresponding terms: BWW: “mutual property”, UML:link, owl:. Examples: a particular employment (Susan is employed by IBM); a particular flight connection (LH403 flies from Berlin to Munich)."

my opinion: the perdurant/endurant distinction seems somewhat subjective or at least context-dependent; at one time, one might view a person as an endurant, but then later in the same conversation one might view the same person as a process existing in time, a perdurant, similar to a storm. Similarly, one might take an endurant perspective on a storm. Perhaps this is only similar to the way that, in Aristotle's Categories, a particular person is a substance, which is distinct from a quality like a color, but one could grammatically and conceptually think of a color as the subject of a sentence, and ascribe predicates to it; in Aristotle, a color is not a substance just because it can be predicated upon subjects, but this does not imply that it cannot itself be a subject. Contrast to the distinction between an atomic event and a person; these things are objectively different, because a person exists (or at least, might exist) in more than one point in time.

relations:

• member: thing memberOF set; (irreflexive, asymmetric, intransitive)
• subset: set subsetOf set; (reflexive, asymmetric, transitive)
• isa: entity isa type
• extension: set extensionOf type
• part: thing partOf individual (synonyms/related words: meronym; aggregation)
• categorizationTypeOf: type categorizationTypeOf type: eg "BiologicalSpecies? is classification type of Animal; PassengerAircraftType? is classification type of PassengerAircraft?"; "the first argument is a higher-order entitytype whose instances form a subtype partition of the second argument"
• inhere: intrinsic moment inheres in endurant

non-primitive relations:

• subtype: defined in terms of extensions that form subsets

UFO-B:

perdurants:

• perdurant (from UFO-A)
  • state ("a perdurant that is homeomeric, that is, each of its temporalparts belongs to the same state type as the whole [based on DOLCE].")
  • event ("a perdurant that is related to exactly two states (its pre-state and its post-state). An event is related to the states before and after it has happened")
    • atomic event (event that happens instantaneously, eg without duration)
    • complex event (composed of multiple other events)

relations:

• pre-state: state is pre-state of event
• post-state: state is pre-state of event

UFO-C:

• physical object (from UFO-A)
  • non-agentive object
  • physical agent
• agent
  • physical agent "This is a physical object that creates action eventsaffecting other physical objects, that perceives events, possibly created byother physical agents, and to which we can ascribe a mental state. Examples: a dog; a human; a robot."
  • institutional agent
• event (from UFO-B)
  • action event
  • non-action event
• moment individual (note: the following are not necessarily partitions)
  • relational moment
    • social moment
  • intrinsic moment
    • mental moment
      • belief
      • perception

OpenCyc

http://www.ontology4.us/english/Ontologies/Upper-Ontologies/Cyc%2520Ontology/index.html

<>BinaryRelation? <>is <>FixedArityRelation? <>FixedArityRelation? <>is <>Relation <>Relation <>is <> <>Relation <>is <>Relation <>Relation <>is ^MathematicalObject? <>Role <>is <>Relation <>Role <>is <>Relation ^AttributeValue? <>is ^IntangibleIndividual? ^BinaryPredicate? <>is ^Predicate ^BinaryRolePredicate? <>is ^BinaryPredicate? ^BinaryRolePredicate? <>is ^ObjectPredicate? ^BinaryRolePredicate? <>is ^Role ^Collection <>is ^Set ^Collection <>is ^SetOrCollection? ^CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject? <>is ^PartiallyIntangibleIndividual? ^CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject? <>is ^PartiallyTangible? ^Configuration <>is ^SpatialThingLocalized? ^Configuration <>is ^StaticSituation? ^Event <>is ^ActivityConcept? ^Event <>is ^Perdurant ^Event <>is ^SituationTemporal? ^Event <>is ^TimeConcept? ^FunctionalDenotational? <>is ^FunctionalRelation? ^Individual <>is ^RealityConcept? ^Individual <>is ^Thing ^Intangible <>is ^PartiallyIntangible? ^IntangibleExistingThing? <>is ^IntangibleIndividual? ^IntangibleExistingThing? <>is ^SomethingExisting? ^IntangibleIndividual? <>is ^Intangible ^IntangibleIndividual? <>is ^PartiallyIntangibleIndividual? ^LogicalConnective? <>is ^TruthFunction? ^MathematicalObject? <>is ^IntangibleIndividual? ^MathematicalObject? <>is ^MathematicalThing? ^MathematicalOrComputationalThing? <>is ^PartiallyIntangible? ^MathematicalThing? <>is ^MathematicalOrComputationalThing? ^ObjectPredicate? <>is ^Predicate ^PartiallyIntangible? <>is ^Thing ^PartiallyIntangibleIndividual? <>is ^PartiallyIntangible? ^PartiallyTangible? <>is ^SomethingExisting? ^PartiallyTangible? <>is ^SpatialThingLocalized? ^PhysicalEvent? <>is ^Event ^PhysicalEvent? <>is ^SpatialThingLocalized? ^Predicate <>is ^TruthFunction? ^Quantifier <>is ^ScopingRelation? ^Quantifier <>is ^TruthFunction? ^Role <>is ^Class ^Role <>is ^ModellingConcept? ^Role <>is ^Predicate ^Role <>is ^Property ^ScopingRelation? <>is ^Relation ^SetMathematical? <>is ^SetOrCollection? ^SetOrCollection? <>is ^MathematicalThing? ^Situation <>is ^IntangibleIndividual? ^SituationTemporal? <>is ^Situation ^SomethingExisting? <>is ^TemporalThing? ^SpatialThing? <>is ^Individual ^SpatialThingLocalized? <>is ^SpatialThing? ^StaticSituation? <>is ^SituationTemporal? ^TangibleThing? <>is ^PartiallyTangible? ^TemporalThing? <>is ^Individual ^TimeInterval? <>is ^TemporalThing? ^TimeInterval? <>is ^IntangibleIndividual? ^TimeInterval? <>is ^TemporalRegion? ^TruthFunction? <>is ^Relation ^UpperOntology? <>is ^Ontology

DOLCE+DnS Ultralite (DLL)

todo

http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Ontology:DOLCE+DnS_Ultralite

DOLCE-Lite and GFO

http://www.thezfiles.co.za/pubs/KEOD13FullPaper.pdf

Table 4: Equivalence alignments for classes between DOLCE-Lite and GFO ontologies; the alignments num- bered in bold font can also be mapped. DOLCE-Lite GFO 1. particular Individual 2. endurant Presential 3. physical-endurant Discrete presential 4. physical-object Material object 5. amount-of-matter Amount of substrate 6. perdurant Occurrent 7. process Process 8. state State 9. abstract Abstract 10. set Set 11. quality Property 12. quale Property value 13. quality-space Value space 14. time-interval Chronoid 15. space-region Spatial Region 16. temporal-region Temporal Region

Table 5: Common alignments between DOLCE-Lite, BFO and GFO. DOLCE-Lite BFORO GFO Class 1. endurant Independent Continuant Presential 2. physical-object Object Material object 3. perdurant Occurrent Occurrent 4. process Process Process 5. quality Quality Property 6. space-region SpatialRegion? Spatial region 7. temporal- region Temporal- Region Temporal region

Table 8: False positives caused by syntactic matching gen- erated by the alignment tools; the terms in italics represent the strings that are common between aligned entities. DOLCE-Lite BFO physical- region ConnectedSpatio? Temporal Region non-physical- object Object region SpatioTemporal? Region BFO GFO Independent Continuant Independent Sit e Sit uoid Continu ant Continu ous GFO DOLCE-Lite has sequence constituent generic- constituent has- part part Space quality- spac

ontology4 merge

http://www.ontology4.us/english/Ontologies/Upper-Ontologies/Upper-Levels/index.html

http://www.ontology4.us/english/Ontologies/Upper-Ontologies/Comparison/index.html

Subject Name Object ^O4Ontology <>OC_Abstract ^Abstract >NSM <>OC_Activity ^ActionsAndEvents? ^SowaOntology? <>OC_Actuality ^Actuality ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Agent ^Agent ^Bfo <>OC_Aggregate <>Aggregate ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Attribute ^Attribute ^CycOntology? <>OC_AttributeValue? ^AttributeValue? ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Class ^Class ^Gfo <>OC_Configuration ^Configuration ^Gfo <>OC_Continuant ^PresentialOrPersistant? ^O4Ontology <>OC_DataType? ^DataType? >NSM <>OC_Death ^Death >NSM <>OC_Descriptor ^Descriptor >NSM <>OC_Determiner ^Determiner ^O4Ontology <>OC_Entity ^Entity ^Gfo <>OC_Event ^DiscreteProcess? >NSM <>OC_Existence ^Existence ^Bfo <>OC_Function °Function ^SowaOntology? <>OC_Independent ^Independent ^SowaOntology? <>OC_Instance ^Physical >NSM <>OC_IntensifierConcept? ^IntensifierConcept? ^O4Ontology <>OC_Intention ^Intention ^Bfo <>OC_Intervall ^Intervall >NSM <>OC_Life ^Life ^Gfo <>OC_Location ^Region >NSM <>OC_LogicalConcept? ^LogicalConcept? >NSM <>OC_MentalPredicate? ^MentalPredicate? ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Object ^Object ^DolceOntology? <>OC_Occurrent ^Perdurant ^Bfo <>OC_Part ^Part ^O4Ontology <>OC_Participation <>Participation ^O4Ontology <>OC_Passivity °Passivity ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Period ^TimeInterval? ^O4Ontology <>OC_Person ^Person ^SowaOntology? <>OC_Physical ^Physical >NSM <>OC_Possession ^Possession ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Process ^Process ^SowaOntology? <>OC_ProcessInstance? >°ProcessInstance ^Gfo <>OC_Proposition ^Instantiation >NSM <>OC_Quality ^Evaluator ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Quantity ^Quantity >NSM <>OC_Relation ^RelationalSubstantive? ^O4Ontology <>OC_Role <>Role ^O4Ontology <>OC_Script ^Script >NSM <>OC_SimilarityConcept? ^SimilarityConcept? ^CycOntology? <>OC_Situation ^Situation ^SumoOntology? <>OC_Space ^Region >NSM <>OC_Specification ^Specification >NSM <>OC_SpeechConcept? ^SpeechConcept? ^Gfo <>OC_State ^State ^O4Ontology <>OC_Subject ^Subject ^O4Ontology <>OC_Taxoverby ° >NSM <>OC_Time ^Time

Subject Name Object Value ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Agere ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Habitus ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Pati ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Qualitas ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Quando ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Quantitas ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Quiditas ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Relativum ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Situ ^AristotleOntology? <>Aggregate ^Ubi ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Abstract ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AbstractQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AbstractRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Accomplishment ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Achievement ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AgentivePhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^AmountOfMatter? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^ArbitrarySum? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Endurant ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Entity ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Event ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Fact ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Feature ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^MentalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonAgentivePhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonPhysicalEndurant? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^NonPhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Perdurant ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalEndurant? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^PhysicalRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Process ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Quality ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Region ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Set ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SocialAgent? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SocialObject? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Society ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SpaceRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^SpatialLocation? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^Stative ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalLocation? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalQuality? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TemporalRegion? ^DolceOntology? <>Aggregate ^TimeInterval? ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^AbstractIndividual? ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Category ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^ConcreteIndividual? ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Entity ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Individual ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Item ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Layer ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Set ^GFO <>GfoSubCategory? ^Space-Time-Entity ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate <>Relation ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate >Instance ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate >°ProcessInstance ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate ^Class ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate ^Continuant ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate ^Occurrent ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate ^Property ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate ^Universal ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate _PropertyInstance? ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate °Activity ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate °Passivity ^O4TopOntology? <>Aggregate °Process ^schema.org <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^DataType? ^schema.org <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^Thing ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Abstract ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Continuant ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Independent ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Mediating ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Occurrent ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Physical ^T <>SowaSubCategory? ^Relative ^Abstract <>SowaSubCategory? ^Intention ^Abstract <>SowaSubCategory? ^Form ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^BusinessEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^ChildrensEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^ComedyEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^DanceEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^EducationEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^Festival ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^FoodEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^LiteraryEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^MusicEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^SaleEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^SocialEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^SportsEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory? ^TheaterEvent? ^Event <>SchemaOrgSubCategory?