proj-oot-old-150618-ootCalls

note: in Python, the default argument assignment is evaluated only once, not per call. If you pass something by reference in there and then change that thing, the change will be visible during future calls to the function. This is counterintuitive.

http://www.toptal.com/python/top-10-mistakes-that-python-programmers-make (mistake 1)

so we should just evaluate default arguments every time.

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