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her book is: Alina Mungiu-Pippidi. The Quest for Good Governance. How Societies Develop Control of Corruption.
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in the Global Corruption Barometer 2017 document [1]:
there is a list of 5 countries labeled "PLACES WHERE THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS PERCEIVED TO BE LEAST CORRUPT":
and a page "PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WHO PAID A BRIBE WHEN THEY CAME INTO CONTACT WITH A PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE 12 LAST MONTHS*" where countries are divided into brackets, less than 5% (eg Germany), 5 to 10% (eg Italy), 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 30%, 30% to 40%, 40 to 50%, 50-75%, and 75%+. The countries in 'less than 5%' are (note: neither the US nor Switzerland appears on the list in ANY bracket in this report; in the 2013 report both of theose countries are in the 5-9.9% bracket):
in the 2013 report [4]:
" Key Findings
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• Bribery is widespread Overall, more than one in four people (27 per cent) report having paid a bribe in the last 12 months when interacting with key public institutions and services.
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Public institutions entrusted to protect people suffer the worst levels of bribery Among the eight services evaluated, the police and the judiciary are seen as the two most bribery- prone. An estimated 31 per cent of people who came into contact with the police report having paid a bribe. For those interacting with the judiciary, the share is 24 per cent.
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The democratic pillars of societies are viewed as the most corrupt Around the world, political parties, the driving force of democracies, are perceived to be the most corrupt institution.
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Recommendations
((note: since my purpose here is the design of institutions, i didn't include the 'people should..' bullet points))
Hold the corrupt to account • • All governments must work to end impunity by effectively preventing, detecting, investigating, prosecuting and punishing acts of corruption. • • Elected public officials should not enjoy immunity when charged with corruption offences.
Clean-up democratic processes • • Governments should pass and implement laws on making party financing transparent, including requirements for political parties, political candidates and their donors to publicly disclose donations. • • Parliaments should adopt comprehensive codes of conduct for members, including guidance on conflict of interest situations and rules for disclosure of assets, interests and income. • • Parliaments should introduce mandatory registers of lobbyists.
Give people the tools and protections to fight against corruption • • Governments should pass and implement whistleblower laws. These laws should include appropriate follow up mechanisms to allow people to report wrongdoing in the public and private sectors and protect whistleblowers from retribution. • • Governments should seek to provide people with effective mechanisms to report corruption and get redress. • • Governments should enable independent civil society organisations to function as effective watchdogs of government and to help people to hold public officials to account. "
"% OF RESPONDENTS WHO REPORT HAVING PAID BRIBES IN THE PAST YEAR TO ANY ONE OF EIGHT SERVICES BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY 11 "
<5% AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, (also in <5% in 2017 report) CANADA, (not in 2017 report) CROATIA, (in 10-15% in 2017 report) DENMARK, (not in 2017 report) FINLAND, (not in 2017 report) GEORGIA, (in 5-10% in 2017 report) JAPAN, KOREA (SOUTH) (also in <5% in 2017 report) MALAYSIA, (20-30% in 2017 report)) MALDIVES, (not in 2017 report) NEW ZEALAND, (not in 2017 report) NORWAY, (not in 2017 report) PORTUGAL, SPAIN, (also in <5% in 2017 report) URUGUAY (20-30% in 2017 report)
5-9.9% bulgaria (in 5-10% in 2017 report), estonia (in 5-10% in 2017 report), italy (in 5-10% in 2017 report), slovenia in <5% in 2017 report), switzerland (not in 2017 report except as top 5 least corrupt perception), united kingdom (in <5% in 2017 report), united states (not in 2017 report)
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so countries which scored less than 5% in both the 2013 and 2017 Global Corruption Barometer reports:
and countries which are not on the above list but scored less than 5% in one year, or were in the top 5 perceived least corrupt list, and either not present or in 5-10% in the other year:
top 23 from the http://integrity-index.org/ (cutoff at 23 chosen because that's the lowest position of any country that was either <5% in both the 2013 and 2017 Global Corruption Barometer reports, or was in the 2017 Global Corruption Barometer top 5 perceived least corrupt list:
" Transparency International's 2010 Corruption Perception Index or CPI, which tracks government bribes, kickbacks, embezzlement, and other forms of public corruption. Topping the list as the world's least corrupt nation is Denmark, followed by New Zealand, Singapore, Finland, Sweden, and Canada" [5]
note: Singapore is not in the integrity-index.org list at all, nor is it in the Global Corruption Barometer for either 2013 or 2017
note: Japan is in the Global Corruption Barometer in both 2013 and 2017 but not in the integrity-index.org list at all
the lowest rank of any of those other 5 (Denmark, New Zealand, Finland, Sweden, Canada) in the integrity-index.org list is Canada, at 14. In the 2013 and 2017 Global Corruption Barometers, all of those other 5 had <5% in one report year and were not present in the other report year. Sweden is the only one of those 5 in the 2017 Global Corruption Barometer top 5 perceived least corrupt list.
so, some countries that appear to be models of anti-corruption include:
in short: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Germany, Canada, Australia.
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if you put those 8 countries into internet search engines, what else comes up?
"What is the Best Country in the World? An Index of Morality, Conscience and Good Life
The Social and Moral Development Index is a compilation of relevant statistics on a wide range of issues which are put into a database-driven formula which calculates points per country. The country's overall score is an average of all the datasets that a country appears in.
... --- The Best ---1 Pos. Higher is better Points1 1 Iceland 84.3 2 Sweden 81.7 3 Norway 80.9 4 Denmark 80.4 5 Finland 79.8 6 Belgium 79.4 7 New Zealand 79.0 8 Luxembourg 78.6 9 Switzerland 78.4 10 Germany 78.2 ...
The Criteria (Year) Winners
Human Development (UN) (informational) (2015) Norway, Australia, Switzerland
Overall Life Satisfaction (informational) (2011) Denmark, Netherlands, Norway
Environmental Performance (2011) Iceland, Switzerland, Costa Rica
Forest Area Change 1990-2015 (2015) Iceland, Bahrain, Uruguay
Global Peace Index (2012) Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark
Charitability (2013-6) Myanmar, USA, New Zealand
Corruption Perception Index (2012-6) Denmark,New Zealand, Finland
Religion Importance (2009) Estonia, Sweden, DenmarkThe Criteria: Health (Year) Winners
Adolescent Birth Rate (2015) N. Korea, S. Korea, Switzerland
Alcohol Consumption (2010) 4-country draw
Infant Vaccinations (2011-5) Hungary, China, Uzbekistan
Fertility Rates (2012) N. Korea, Brunei, St.Vincent & Gren.
Life Expectancy (2015) Hong Kong, Japan, Italy
Smoking Rates (2015) Guinea, Solomon Islands, KiribatiThe Criteria: Human Rights & Equality (Year) Winners
Antisemitism (2014) Laos, Philippines, Sweden
Gay Rights and Equality (2013) Netherlands, Belgium, Canada
Nominal Commitment to Human Rights (2009) Argentina, 12-country draw
Personal, Civil and Economic Freedom (2014) Hong Kong, Switzerland, New Zealand
Slavery (2013) Joint: UK, Ireland, Iceland
Women Stand for Election & Vote (1893+) New Zealand, Australia, Finland
Gender Inequality (2015) Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands
Press Freedom Index (2013) Finland, Netherlands, NorwayThe Criteria: Modernity (Year) Winners
Freedom On The Net (2012) Estonia, USA, Germany
Internet Users in Population (2017) Iceland, Norway, Bermuda
IPv6 Uptake (2017) Belgium, Germany, Switzerland
Malware and Email Spam (2010-2)
Research & Development (2016) S.Korea, Israel, Japan" -- [6]" The Top 10 Happiest Countries: Country Happiness Rank Overall Best Countries Rank Finland 1 14 Norway 2 12 Denmark 3 11 Iceland 4 N/A Switzerland 5 1 Netherlands 6 10 Canada 7 2 New Zealand 8 13 Sweden 9 6 Australia 10 7 " -- [7]
denmark sweden norway netherlands finland
" Here's a list of the countries that allow women in front-line combat positions. In Europe: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania and Sweden. Elsewhere: Australia, Canada and New Zealand in the Anglosphere; plus Eritrea, Israel, and North Korea. " [9]
Countries With the Best Quality of Life
| US News Best ... |
Countries That Allow Gay Marriage Around The World
| … |
The 10 happiest countries on Earth
Map: Which countries allow women in front-line combat
World Happiness Report: Finland Lands No. 1, United
umm.. so basically countries that are lowest in corruption are also high in happiness, quality of life, and gender equality. So it's unclear where the causation is; when a country is happy and has gender equality, does corruption go away? Or is low corruption a necessary condition for happiness and equality? Or is there some other factor that causes both low corruption and happiness and equality?
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The Organization must keep track of events where employees who have been found to give incorrect testimony in cases between the Organization and another entity, and provide Tribunals of these records along with that employee's testimony in future cases.
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in terms of the idea of some organizations 'recognizing' others, should probably also think about terms like 'ambassador' and 'consul'. Although we aim towards organizing private organizations, not states, there may be some ideas that we can use there.
" There can be only one ambassador from one country to another, representing the first country's head of state to that of the second, and his or her duties revolve around diplomatic relations between the two countries; however, there may be several consuls, one in each of several main cities, providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both the citizens of the consul's own country traveling or living abroad and to the citizens of the country in which the consul resides who wish to travel to or trade with the consul's country. "
" In Classical Greece, some of the functions of the modern consul were fulfilled by a proxenos. Unlike the modern position, this was a citizen of the host polity (in Greece, a city state). The proxenos was usually a wealthy merchant who had socio-economic ties with another city and who helped its citizens when they were in trouble in his own city. The position of proxenos was often hereditary in a particular family. Modern honorary consuls fulfill a function that is to a degree similar to that of the ancient Greek institution. "
"As such, diplomatic personnel with other responsibilities may receive consular letters patent (commissions). Aside from those outlined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, there are few formal requirements outlining what a consular official must do. For"
" Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation "