proj-branchDemocracy-branchDemocracyDesignTodos4

her book is: Alina Mungiu-Pippidi. The Quest for Good Governance. How Societies Develop Control of Corruption.

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in the Global Corruption Barometer 2017 document [1]:

there is a list of 5 countries labeled "PLACES WHERE THE PUBLIC SECTOR IS PERCEIVED TO BE LEAST CORRUPT":

• Germany – 6%
• Switzerland – 8%
• Sweden – 8%
• Australia – 10%
• Netherlands – 11%

and a page "PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WHO PAID A BRIBE WHEN THEY CAME INTO CONTACT WITH A PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE 12 LAST MONTHS*" where countries are divided into brackets, less than 5% (eg Germany), 5 to 10% (eg Italy), 10 to 15%, 15 to 20%, 20 to 30%, 30% to 40%, 40 to 50%, 50-75%, and 75%+. The countries in 'less than 5%' are (note: neither the US nor Switzerland appears on the list in ANY bracket in this report; in the 2013 report both of theose countries are in the 5-9.9% bracket):

• Australia (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Botswana (not in 2013 report)
• Belgium (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Cape Verde (not in 2013 report)
• Cyprus (not in 2013 report summary, but appears to be 10-15% in [2])
• France (not in 2013 report)
• Germany (not in 2013 report)
• Hong Kong (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Japan (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Jordan (not in 2013 report summary, but appears to be >50% in [3])
• South Korea (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Mauritius (not in 2013 report)
• Netherlands (not in 2013 report)
• Portugal (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Slovenia (in the 2013 report this was in the 5-9.9% group)
• Spain (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Sweden (not in 2013 report)
• UK (in the 2013 report this was in the 5-9.9% group)

in the 2013 report [4]:

" Key Findings

...

• Bribery is widespread Overall, more than one in four people (27 per cent) report having paid a bribe in the last 12 months when interacting with key public institutions and services.

...

Public institutions entrusted to protect people suffer the worst levels of bribery Among the eight services evaluated, the police and the judiciary are seen as the two most bribery- prone. An estimated 31 per cent of people who came into contact with the police report having paid a bribe. For those interacting with the judiciary, the share is 24 per cent.

...

The democratic pillars of societies are viewed as the most corrupt Around the world, political parties, the driving force of democracies, are perceived to be the most corrupt institution.

...

Recommendations

((note: since my purpose here is the design of institutions, i didn't include the 'people should..' bullet points))

• Make integrity and trust the founding principles of public institutions and services
  • Governments must operate with transparency and open up their books and activities to public scrutiny.
  • Codes of conduct should be developed and adhered to by all public servants.
  • Governments should embed transparency in how they work by passing and implementing comprehensive access to information laws.
  • Countries should adopt and enact standards for procurement and public financial management, consistent with UN Convention Against Corruption Article 9 and the OECD Principles on Enhancing Integrity in Public Procurement.
  • Governments must set up accountability mechanisms and channels that get the public engaged in oversight.
• Bring back the rule of law
  • Governments should prioritise anti-corruption reforms in the police, based on a thorough analysis of underlying problems.
  • Governments must ensure the independence and impartiality of their judiciaries.
  • Governments must set up adequate checks-and-balances to ensure that private interests and power groups do not dictate a government’s policies and actions.

Hold the corrupt to account • • All governments must work to end impunity by effectively preventing, detecting, investigating, prosecuting and punishing acts of corruption. • • Elected public officials should not enjoy immunity when charged with corruption offences.

Clean-up democratic processes • • Governments should pass and implement laws on making party financing transparent, including requirements for political parties, political candidates and their donors to publicly disclose donations. • • Parliaments should adopt comprehensive codes of conduct for members, including guidance on conflict of interest situations and rules for disclosure of assets, interests and income. • • Parliaments should introduce mandatory registers of lobbyists.

Give people the tools and protections to fight against corruption • • Governments should pass and implement whistleblower laws. These laws should include appropriate follow up mechanisms to allow people to report wrongdoing in the public and private sectors and protect whistleblowers from retribution. • • Governments should seek to provide people with effective mechanisms to report corruption and get redress. • • Governments should enable independent civil society organisations to function as effective watchdogs of government and to help people to hold public officials to account. "

"% OF RESPONDENTS WHO REPORT HAVING PAID BRIBES IN THE PAST YEAR TO ANY ONE OF EIGHT SERVICES BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY 11 "

<5% AUSTRALIA, BELGIUM, (also in <5% in 2017 report) CANADA, (not in 2017 report) CROATIA, (in 10-15% in 2017 report) DENMARK, (not in 2017 report) FINLAND, (not in 2017 report) GEORGIA, (in 5-10% in 2017 report) JAPAN, KOREA (SOUTH) (also in <5% in 2017 report) MALAYSIA, (20-30% in 2017 report)) MALDIVES, (not in 2017 report) NEW ZEALAND, (not in 2017 report) NORWAY, (not in 2017 report) PORTUGAL, SPAIN, (also in <5% in 2017 report) URUGUAY (20-30% in 2017 report)

5-9.9% bulgaria (in 5-10% in 2017 report), estonia (in 5-10% in 2017 report), italy (in 5-10% in 2017 report), slovenia in <5% in 2017 report), switzerland (not in 2017 report except as top 5 least corrupt perception), united kingdom (in <5% in 2017 report), united states (not in 2017 report)

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so countries which scored less than 5% in both the 2013 and 2017 Global Corruption Barometer reports:

• Australia (also <5% in 2013 report, was in the 2017 top 5 perceived least corrupt list)
• Belgium (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Hong Kong (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Japan (also <5% in 2013 report)
• South Korea (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Portugal (also <5% in 2013 report)
• Spain (also <5% in 2013 report)

and countries which are not on the above list but scored less than 5% in one year, or were in the top 5 perceived least corrupt list, and either not present or in 5-10% in the other year:

• Botswana (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report)
• Canada, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• Cape Verde (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report)
• Denmark, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• Finland, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• France (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report)
• Georgia, (<5% in 2013 report, in 5-10% in 2017 report)
• Germany (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report, was in the 2017 top 5 perceived least corrupt list)
• Maldives, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• Mauritius (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report)
• Netherlands (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report, was in the 2017 top 5 perceived least corrupt list)
• New Zealand, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• Norway, (<5% in 2013 report, not in 2017 report)
• Slovenia (in the 2013 report this was in the 5-9.9% group, <5% in 2017 report)
• Sweden (not in 2013 report, <5% in 2017 report, was in the 2017 top 5 perceived least corrupt list)
• Switzerland (5-9.9% group in 2013 report, not in 2017 report except as one of the top 5 perceived least corrupt list)
• UK (in the 2013 report this was in the 5-9.9% group, <5% in 2017 report)

top 23 from the http://integrity-index.org/ (cutoff at 23 chosen because that's the lowest position of any country that was either <5% in both the 2013 and 2017 Global Corruption Barometer reports, or was in the 2017 Global Corruption Barometer top 5 perceived least corrupt list:

• 1: Norway, 9.79
• 2: Denmark, 9.60
• 3: Finland, 9.49
• 4: Netherlands, 9.39
• 5: New Zealand, 9.33
• 6: Sweden, 9.21
• 7: Luxembourg, 9.13
• 8: United Kingdom, 9.10
• 9: Switzerland, 9.07
• 10: Estonia, 8.93
• 11: Belgium, 8.90
• 12: United States, 8.82
• 13: Germany, 8.77
• 14: Canada, 8.74
• 14: Ireland, 8.74
• 16: France, 8.73
• 17: Australia, 8.57
• 18: Portugal, 8.35
• 19: Czech Republic, 8.33
• 19: Austria, 8.33
• 21: Spain, 8.22
• 22: Slovenia, 8.20
• 23: Korea Rep, 8.09

" Transparency International's 2010 Corruption Perception Index or CPI, which tracks government bribes, kickbacks, embezzlement, and other forms of public corruption. Topping the list as the world's least corrupt nation is Denmark, followed by New Zealand, Singapore, Finland, Sweden, and Canada" [5]