Bayle Shanks's website: notes-computer-programming-programmingLanguageDesign-typesOfProgrammingLanguages

turing machine
lambda calculus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatory_logic
petri nets
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_algorithm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_110 , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_machine
primitive recursion
linear programming problem
always halting languages: epigram, charity
coq
prolog
NP-complete instance
pushdown
regex
DFA, NFA